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Since the introduction of COVID-19 vaccine, various adverse events have been reported including injection site pain, fatigue, headaches, and myocarditis. Cranial neuropathies and optic neuritis, have been also rarely reported, however, the significance of these autoimmune manifestations after the administration of COVID-19 vaccine remain controversial. In this report we present a case of myocarditis and bilateral optic neuritis that occurred in a young healthy male patient after the administration of first dose of mRNA-1273 vaccine (Moderna).Copyright © 2022 The Author(s)
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Introduction. There is an accumulating evidence of various ophthalmological symptoms, accompanied by visual impairment, post-COVID-19. We hypothesized that color vision may have been affected post-COVID-19 too manifesting as changes in color-naming patterns. To test this hypothesis, we compared color naming in individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 (N = 201, 54 men and 147 women, aged 19–65 years, M = 33.4, SD = 13.2) and those participants whose responses were obtained before the pandemic (hereafter, non-COVID-19 controls) (N = 2,457, 1,052 men and 1,402 women, aged 16–98 years, M = 41.36, SD = 17.7). Methods. We collected data in an online experiment (http://colournaming.com) with Russian respondents in their native language. Participants were presented, with virtual color cards selected from 606 stimuli randomly by a computer program. We asked respondents to name each color using the most appropriate color descriptor (an unconstrained color-naming method). Results. The study showed that, compared to non-COVID-19 controls, post-COVID-19 respondents revealed an altered pattern of color naming. In particular, we found a significant increase in ‘brown', ‘green', and ‘gray' names, along with an increased use frequency of achromatic modifiers "dirty”, "pale”, "dull”, and "pastel”. Discussion. These differences suggest general "darkening” and decreased saturation of perceived colors. The change in the color-naming pattern provides an indirect evidence of the impact of coronavirus on color vision. We speculate that a relatively high frequency of use of color terms koričnevyj ‘brown' and seryj ‘gray' may reflect an accelerated aging of the crystalline lens, while general "darkening” and desaturation of perceived colors may point to an affected processing of luminance contrast. These assumptions are currently being tested (by the authors) in COVID-19 survivors by using a color vision diagnostic test. © 2022, Russian Psychological Society. All rights reserved.
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Introduction. There is an accumulating evidence of various ophthalmological symptoms, accompanied by visual impairment, post-COVID-19. We hypothesized that color vision may have been affected post-COVID-19 too manifesting as changes in color-naming patterns. To test this hypothesis, we compared color naming in individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 (N = 201, 54 men and 147 women, aged 19–65 years, M = 33.4, SD = 13.2) and those participants whose responses were obtained before the pandemic (hereafter, non-COVID-19 controls) (N = 2,457, 1,052 men and 1,402 women, aged 16–98 years, M = 41.36, SD = 17.7). Methods. We collected data in an online experiment (http://colournaming.com) with Russian respondents in their native language. Participants were presented, with virtual color cards selected from 606 stimuli randomly by a computer program. We asked respondents to name each color using the most appropriate color descriptor (an unconstrained color-naming method). Results. The study showed that, compared to non-COVID-19 controls, post-COVID-19 respondents revealed an altered pattern of color naming. In particular, we found a significant increase in ‘brown', ‘green', and ‘gray' names, along with an increased use frequency of achromatic modifiers "dirty”, "pale”, "dull”, and "pastel”. Discussion. These differences suggest general "darkening” and decreased saturation of perceived colors. The change in the color-naming pattern provides an indirect evidence of the impact of coronavirus on color vision. We speculate that a relatively high frequency of use of color terms koričnevyj ‘brown' and seryj ‘gray' may reflect an accelerated aging of the crystalline lens, while general "darkening” and desaturation of perceived colors may point to an affected processing of luminance contrast. These assumptions are currently being tested (by the authors) in COVID-19 survivors by using a color vision diagnostic test. © 2022, Russian Psychological Society. All rights reserved.
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AIM: To compare the visual perception (color and chromatic-achromatic contrast vision) of a small cohort of COVID-19 patients at the time of infection and after 6mo with that of a healthy population matched for sex and age. METHODS: A total of 25 patients (9 females, 16 males, mean age: 54±10y) with COVID-19 hospitalized in the COVID-19 Unit of the University Clinical Hospital of Valladolid were recruited for this preliminary study. Visual perception, as determined by monocular measurement of contrast sensitivity function (CSF) and color vision was assessed in each patient using the Optopad test. The results obtained were then compared with those of a sample of 16 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (5 females, 11 males, mean age: 50±6y) in which the same measurement procedure was repeated. Statistically significant differences between groups were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Measurements were repeated after a minimum follow-up period of 6mo and statistically significant differences between the two time points in each group were assessed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS: Discrimination thresholds (color and chromatic-achromatic contrast vision) and their corresponding sensitivity, calculated as the inverse of the discrimination threshold, were evaluated. Analysis of the data revealed higher contrast threshold results (i.e., worse contrast sensitivity) in the COVID-19 group than in the control group for all spatial frequencies studied in the Optopad-CSF achromatic test and most of the spatial frequencies studied in the Optopad-CSF chromatic test for the red-green and blue-yellow mechanisms. In addition, color threshold results in the COVID-19 group were also significantly higher (i.e., worse color sensitivity) for almost all color mechanisms studied in the Optopad-Color test. At 6mo, most of the differences found between the groups were maintained despite COVID-19 recovery. CONCLUSION: The present results provide preliminary evidence that visual perception may be impaired in COVID-19, even when the infection has passed. Although further research is needed to determine the precise causes of this finding, analysis of CSF and color vision could provide valuable information on the visual impact of COVID-19.
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Background: Autoimmune Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants, or ASIA, suggests certain environmental exposures, including vaccination can cause hyperstimulation of the innate and adaptive immune system leading to production of autoantibodies in a genetically predisposed individual. A diagnosis of exclusion, proposed diagnostic criteria suggested ASIA if specified major and minor criteria are fulfilled. Suspicion for ASIA was raised in our patient due to identified exposure accompanied by typical manifestations not explained by another cause. Case: A 71-year- old Filipino female with controlled hypertension and diabetes, came in due to progressive right eye pain, supraorbital headache, ptosis and limitation of extra-ocular movements for 3 weeks. No blurring of vision, color vision changes, or visual field cuts. She didn't have other systemic features but received 2 doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine 1 month (1st) and 1 day (2nd) prior to the symptom onset. The left eye was unremarkable. ESR was elevated (109) with normal CRP. ANA was 1:80 with a speckled pattern. The complements were normal and lupus confirmatory panel was negative. CSF studies showed slightly elevated protein and glucose with no pleiocytosis, IgG level was normal with negative oligoclonal panel and cultures. EMG-NCV showed acute partial incomplete bilateral facial neuropathy. Cranial MRI/MRA showed chronic lacunar infarct in the right corona radiata. The MRI of the orbits showed right optic nerve enhancement with hyperintense nerve sheath compatible with optic neuritis. She underwent pulse IV steroid therapy (Methylprednisolone 1 g) for 3 days and was maintained on oral steroid 1 mg/kg/day. There was minimal improvement of symptoms for which she received intravenous immunoglobulin for 5 days. Her symptoms gradually improved upon discharge. Conclusion(s): Identification of the possible autoimmunity from adjuvants is not to discourage vaccination but rather raise awareness of the need for further studies to screen who might be at risk and to prepare or even develop alternatives, such as vaccines with a different type of adjuvant.
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Consumer purchasing patterns has been affected by COVID-19 health Crisis. Thus, companies must adapt to this change by focusing on understanding the different variables affecting the post pandemic purchase intentions of consumers. Therefore, the basic objective of this study is the development of an integrated framework to investigate the impact of the colors used for products on online advertisement and the consumer personality on the purchase intention of customers in the context of post pandemic. This study will also focus on highlighting the moderating role of age and gender on the relationship between the three constructs. Data were collected from customers of 53 Moroccan textile companies operating in the E-commerce industry. The data was analyzed, and the theoretical model was validated using Partial least square (PLS) and structural equation model (SEM). The findings show that: the color of the product displayed in the advertisement has a high impact on the purchase intention of consumers;the personality of the consumer impact positively the purchase intention of the consumer, and finally, color of the product displayed on the advertisement has a bigger impact on the purchase intention of young people than old people while age doesn't have any significant impact on the relationship between personality and purchase intention. The contribution of this study is to emphasize the roles of understanding the use of colors in advertising and the personality of the consumer, during the post pandemic, on consumer purchasing intention, for companies to innovate and differentiate their offered advertisements to meet the needs and survive the crisis. © 2022 International Consortium for Electronic Business. All rights reserved.
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Purpose : While severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is well known for its respiratory complications, ocular manifestations are emerging. This case report describes a patient with bilateral optic neuritis associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods : A 46-year-old male presented with two weeks of pain with eye movement immediately after testing positive for COVID-19 and four days of bilateral blurry vision. Data including history, ocular examination, Humphrey visual field testing (HVF), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and serological testing was collected. Results : Visual acuity (VA) was 20/100 in the right eye (OD) and 20/70 in the left eye (OS) with pinhole VA of 20/40 in each eye. Pupil exam, intraocular pressures, and confrontational visual fields were normal. Ocular motility was full, however the patient endorsed pain with eye movement in all directions. The right optic nerve had blurred disc margins while the left optic nerve was unremarkable on exam. Color vision was decreased to 13/15 by Ishihara testing in each eye. MRI of the brain and orbits revealed bilateral thickening and T2 hyperintensity and hyperenhancement of the intercanalicular and intraorbital optic nerves with sparing of the nerve sheath and no demyelinating lesions (Figure 1). Bilateral central scotomas were seen on HVF (Figure 2). At this point, the patient's clinical picture was concerning for optic neuritis associated with COVID-19. A complete blood count, comprehensive metabolic panel, myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody, and aquaporin 4 antibody were unremarkable. Testing for tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, syphilis, thyroid disease, and rheumatologic and autoimmune disorders was normal. The patient was treated with corticosteroids. Within three to six weeks, the patient's symptoms and abnormal exam findings resolved. Conclusions : Infectious pathogens and their subsequent inflammation can cause optic neuritis. It is postulated that T cells release inflammatory mediators and cytokines that cross the blood brain barrier and lead to destruction of myelin, neuronal cell death, axonal degeneration, and vision loss. SARS-CoV-2 could cause a similar inflammatory response leading to optic neuritis and is important to consider in cases without a clear etiology.
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Purpose : Dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading contributor to visual impairment across the globe. No current treatment exists to improve visual function or reduce disease progression outside of vitamin supplementation and lifestyle changes. LIGHTSITE III is evaluating multiwavelength photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy using the LumiThera Valeda® Light Delivery System in dry AMD Methods : LIGHTSITE III (NCT04065490) is a prospective, double-masked, randomized, sham-controlled, parallel group, multi-center study to assess the safety and efficacy of PBM in dry AMD. Target enrollment was approximately 96 subjects (144 eyes). Subjects are treated with six series of PBM/Sham treatments (3x per week for 3 weeks) delivered over a 24-month period with a 13-month efficacy analysis of data. PBM therapy consists of low-level light exposure to selected tissues resulting in positive effects on mitochondrial output and improvement in cellular activity. Valeda is used to deliver multiwavelength PBM treatment using 590, 660 and 850 nm of light. Subjects are assessed for clinical and safety outcomes (i.e., best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), low- luminance BCVA, contrast sensitivity, reading speed, color vision, VFQ-25 and perimetry). Independent OCT, FAF and color fundus imaging outcomes at selected timepoints are analyzed by a masked imaging reading center Results : A total of 148 eyes from 100 subjects with dry AMD have been enrolled and randomized in a 2:1 design (PBM:Sham). The majority of subjects are female (68%) and Caucasian (99%). The average age at enrollment was 75 years and mean time since dry AMD diagnosis is 4.9 years. COVID-19 interference has been minimal and not significantly impacted subject enrollment or retention. Clinical and anatomical outcome data from the interim analysis conducted at Month 13 is presented. Results from the 21-month time point are expected at end of 2022 Conclusions : LIGHTSITE III provides the largest, randomized controlled trial evaluating the effects of PBM in dry AMD subjects. PBM therapy may offer a new treatment strategy with a unique mechanism and modality for patients with dry AMD.
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AimsTo present a case of a previously well child with rapidly progressing idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) requiring a lumboperitoneal shunt after a Covid-19 infection.MethodsA fifteen-year-old girl presented to the Children’s Emergency Department on 23th October 2021 with a history of headaches (temporal, periorbital and occipital) and reduced visual acuity. These started following a Covid-19 infection on 30th September. She was reviewed by ophthalmology in view of deteriorating visual acuity (right eye>left eye). Bilateral papilloedema and haemorrhages were noted on examination. Her visual acuity was 6/24 unaided in the right eye and 6/7.5 unaided in the left eye. During the admission her visual acuity deteriorated to 6/36 pinhole in the right eye and 6/12 pinhole in the left eye. In the right eye she lost colour vision and developed a relative afferent pupillary defect. She received acetazolamide and intravenous methylprednisolone before being transferred to Birmingham Children’s Hospital neurosurgical ward for a lumboperitoneal shunt.There has been a significant improvement since surgery. On 22nd November there was resolving papilloedema and haemorrhages. She had normalised colour vision and resolution of the afferent pupillary reflex. Her visual acuity was 0.275 in the right eye and 0.100 in the left eye (LogMAR). However, persistent deficits could have significant consequences such as the ability to obtain a driving licence.ResultsAn MRI showed bilateral papilloedema of the optic discs. An MRV showed narrowing of the bilateral traverse sinuses with gradual tapering suggestive of high intracranial pressure. Raised intracranial pressures were confirmed by lumbar puncture on two separate occasions. The pressures were beyond the limit of the manometer used (34cm H2O).ConclusionShe had two well recognised risk factors;female gender and increased BMI so is within the high-risk group. However, she had no pathognomonic signs/symptoms of IIH or Ophthalmic complaints before COVID-19, meaning this was a rapidly progressing case that coincided with a Covid-19 infection.It is not possible to declare a cause and effect relationship in this case, but there is some emerging reports of Covid-19 positive patients with refractory headaches having isolated raised intracranial pressures within the adult population.1 2The Covid-19 pandemic has also precipitated indirect consequences. Weight gain as a result of lockdown was reported, which increased her risk of IIH.ReferencesSilva MTT, Lima MA, Torezani G, et al. Isolated intracranial hypertension associated with COVID-19. Cephalalgia. 2020;40(13):1452-1458. doi:10.1177/0333102420965963Ilhan B, Cokal BG, Mungan Y. Intracranial hypertension and visual loss following COVID-19: A case report. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021;69(6):1625-1627. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_342_21
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With increasing time spent indoors during the coronavirus disease pandemic, occupants are increasingly affected by indoor space environmental factors. Environmental color stimulates human vision and affects stress levels. This study investigated how changing environmental color chroma affected heart rate variability (HRV) and stress. The HRV of nine males and fifteen females was measured during exposure to 12 color stimuli with changes in chroma under green/blue hues and high/low-value conditions, and a stress assessment was performed. The effect of chroma on the HRV of males and females was verified, but the interaction effect between chroma and gender was not. ln(LF) and RMSSD were valid parameters. ln(LF) of males and females decreased as chroma increased under the green hue and low-value conditions;RMSSD was reduced as chroma increased in the blue hue and low-value conditions. ln(LF) decreased as chroma increased under blue hue and high-value conditions in males. Color–stress evaluation revealed that the higher chroma under high-value conditions, the more positive the stress emotion, and the lower the chroma under low-value conditions, the more negative the stress emotion. As chroma increased under low-value conditions, color is a stress factor;for men, this effect was more evident in the blue hue.